Summary Electron microscopy and electron tomography are powerful tools by which to visualize the physical structure of protein assemblies, but their ability to localize specific proteins is limited. Optical techniques may offer solutions in this regard, but optical diffraction typically limits...

Summary The ability of magnetic resonance techniques to provide the researcher with non-invasive, quantitative, physicochemical information in the disciplines of chemistry, biology, materials science, chemical engineering and medicine are widely known. In the last 10-15 years a variety of magnetic...

Summary Bioprocess unit operations are optimised to maximise both product quality and yield. The standard development paradigm, consistent with current Quality by Design and process validation guidance, uses single or multiple factor evaluations with scaled down process equipment. These iterative...

Summary Spores of several species of Bacillus have found widespread and safe use as probiotic dietary supplements. More recently, vegetative Bacilli have been engineered using recombinant DNA techniques to form spores that are surface decorated with a wide range of biotechnologically useful...

Summary The majority of therapeutic antibodies are manufactured by mammalian cell culture processes exploiting Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Annual demands for such antibody products is likely to increase and is driving efforts to improve production capacity. Miniaturised platform cell culture...